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Breast cancer, as a heterogeneous disease, includes a wide range of pathological and clinical behaviors. Current treatment protocols, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement therapy, are mainly associated with poor response and high rate of recurrence. Therefore, more efforts are needed to develop alternative therapies for this type of cancer. Immunotherapy, as a novel str...
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There are four books describing early studies and views on light, optics and vision that are considered to be landmarks in this branch of science. The first of these is Euclid’s Optica, published about 300BC, in which he postulated that light travelled in straight lines; he described the laws of reflection and described them mathematically. The second is by Ptolemy. He is best known for his 15 ...
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I took patience and hard work. Now, finally, researchers are seeing some sunshine break through what was once a cloudy beginning for near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Paul Barbara of the University of Texas–Austin (UT– Austin) is among a group of analytical chemists who have a deep respect for this tool and see it as a technique ripe with potential, ranging from chemistry to physic...
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One of the most remarkable features of the vertebrate retina is its ability to adapt to ambient illumination. One can read from this page by candlelight or one can read from it on a sunny afternoon, but the page always appears white and the letters black. It is the molecular trickery of light adaptation that enables photoreceptors to evade saturation and accurately report relative contrast even...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: New England Journal of Medicine
سال: 2004
ISSN: 0028-4793,1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmcibr045001